Note the almost equal occurrence of S, A, and N traits in both groups, the absence of trait U in the uveitis group, and the negligible presence of I in the control group.
While single marker-assisted selection is of limited value for polygenic traits, genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) can be calculated for candidate breeding animals using marker data, even in the absence of trait and/or pedigree information [ 17].
In particular, even in the absence of trait data, a phylogenetic approach could provide insight into the forest community assembly of local habitats (e.g. Kembel and Hubbell 2006; Swenson and Enquist 2009; Kraft and Ackerly 2010; Duarte 2011, Pei et al. 2011).
Fisher's exact tests were used to test for association between the presence or absence of a trait and gender (trait-gender) and another trait (trait-trait).
This lack of significant resolution does not affect considerations on the evolution of social parasitism and fungiculture, though, because the ancestral state of Lasius was absence of both traits (Table 5), and because also Cautolasius displays neither trait.
It remains to be determined which environmental cue might initiate growth of verrucae; however, since these traits are the key for identifying species in this genus, the absence of these traits alone is not a reliable diagnostic feature.
The EM algorithm was used to assign binary scores for the presence or absence of 16 C4 traits in 37 C3–C4 intermediate species. 1 denotes the presence of a trait, 0 denotes absence.
Presence of dependent and paranoid personality traits actually served as important moderators in favour of the VIPI intervention, whereas absence of narcissistic traits increased the effect of VIPI compared with TAU.
Phylogenetic profiling is a bioinformatics technique in which the joint presence or joint absence of two traits across large numbers of genomes is used to infer a meaningful biological connection, such as involvement of two different proteins in the same biological pathway [35, 37].
