CDH that is worse in the morning in the absence of medication overuse, that may suggest raised intracranial pressure.
Absence of medication overuse is a predictor of excellent responde to BoNT-A treatment as also shorter migraine duration and lower burden in terms of psychiatric symptoms.
Further analyses were made by splitting the whole group according to the presence or absence of medication overuse, and according to the headache diagnosis: CM or probable CM (pCM) plus probable MOH (pMOH) vs CTTH or probable CTTH (pCTTH) plus pMOH according to the ICDH-II and MOH, CM and CTTH according to the ICDH-II revised criteria.
Additionally, the ICHD-2 [15] does not envisage, either for CM or even for CTTH, HC and NDPH, a differentiation based on the presence or absence of medication overuse, because it prefers to retain Medication-overuse headache as an autonomous clinical entity (coded to 8.2 of the 2004 classification), much as the 1988 IHS classification [4] had already done.
The following year, Silberstein, together with Lipton, Solomon and Mathew again [13], proposed that hemicrania continua (HC) should be added to these three forms and that each of the four forms thus identified should be distinguished depending on the presence or absence of medication overuse (Table 1).
More recently, two multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trials, one performed in the USA and the other one in Europe, both published in 2007, demonstrated that topiramate is effective and safe also in patients affected by CM, in the presence or absence of medication overuse, and/or of other migraine prophylaxis [31, 32].
All this has been achieved despite the unjustified absence of medication-overuse headache from GBD 2010.
In this study, we evaluated the presence or absence of medications and supplies at the time of our visit and not the quality or quantity of supplies.
Firstly, we have compared a robust number of younger versus older adults who were very well characterized with respect to variables such as dietary and exercise background, the absence of medications (i.e., statins)[43] or diseases (i.e., cancer, type 2 diabetes)[44], that can alter mitochondrial function.
Hypertension is indicated as presence of blood pressure ≥ 130/80 in absence of medications or presence at least of one anti-hypertensive drug.
Quantitative real-time PCR analysis confirmed that the exacerbation-specific expression of transmembrane protein (TMEM) 178 occurred regardless of the presence or absence of medications.
