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The unit of analysis was all registered sickness absence measured in days of absence, divided by man-days, giving a department average of days missed.
The main outcome is sickness absence, measured as number of days off work 12 months after inclusion.
In the absence of measures of parental non-cognitive skills, they use schooling information (more precisely, grades on non-theoretical subjects as well as survey information on educational aspirations and social interactions) to construct such a measure.
In the absence of measures of actual forage removed by livestock and livestock group movements, a surrogate variable related to the 'intensity of use' reflects the grazing pressure on the pastures.
In absence of measures of significance, most approaches to activity landscapes have simply assumed that they are valid, and then have gone on to explore the utility of the landscape for various purposes.
A further limitation of our study was the absence of measures of adoption of the interventions and compliance with best practice.
The absences are measures of the upheaval that has shaken the company over the last few months.
Our findings suggest that school closings would not have a substantial effect on pandemic-related outcomes in the absence of measures to reduce out-of-school contacts.
Unfortunately, the absence of specific measures of personality in the PIAAC database prevents us from reaching more precise conclusions about which traits may be captured by these additional measures provided in the computer based assessment.
However, we recognize that the main limitation of our analysis is the absence of direct measures of exposure.
The absence of further measures of psychopathology on admission and discharge is a limitation of this study.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com