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In the TEM, for example, the field of view is often so small that no aperture with perfectly abrupt edges exists, in particular not at atomic resolution.
Topographical atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis of graphene mesh has indicated very abrupt edges, and structural analysis by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Raman spectroscopy have confirmed clean and empty holes within graphene of high structural quality (Fig. 2a c).
Hence, for mitigating edge effects on N + S and N deposition, our results support the recommendation of creating gradual edges at forests with poorly developed, abrupt edges, but it stresses the importance of a thorough consideration of the shape and size of the gradual edge vegetation in the design and management of gradual forest edges.
Note, that to get the derivatives, we assume that we are dealing with differentiable functions that do not have abrupt edges.
To reduce artifacts due to the abrupt edges of such a filter, the copynumber implementation assigns half weight to the outer 1/3 of the observations on each side.
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By retaining locational information, only the wavelet transform and associated position variance detected the abrupt edge in the simulated data series.
Preliminary results from simulation and implementation of ZSC in a controlled trial in 14 unmanaged edge sections 20 years after planting showed that the trend towards abrupt edge profiles was reversed and the strong spatial regularity of the original planting reduced.
The abrupt edge in the data introduced by this procedure was smoothed to zero using a Gaussian fall off.
The abrupt lateral edges of the silty deposits, and their unique textural properties relative to the surrounding landscape, suggest that the silts were not washed from kettle backslopes.
Overall, most of the image pixels are located in flat regions and the remaining ones are generally small in number and located in abrupt areas, "edges".
For example, the designed UWB waveforms under specific spectral masks will have some serious mismatch near the abrupt spectral edges [35].
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