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In above-ground performance, poles were significantly taller (P = 0.006) than wands and stakes, which were not different from each other (Tables 2 and 3).
However, in studies that assessed above-ground performance as outlined above, short rotation coppice willows and poplars are reported to grow best in loamy soils (Ledin and Willebrand [1996]) where there is access to water (but not water logged) – conditions similar to this trial.
In addition, we found soil biotic effects cascaded to above-ground beetle performance only when the beetles were fed foliage of the native plant rather than the invasive plant.
These data where they exist, are largely from studies of above-ground growth performance but our understanding of many species' development of below-ground traits required for root reinforcement and erosion control is severely lacking both in New Zealand and more generally internationally (e.g. Stokes et al. 2009; Phillips et al. 2011).
Above ground, the crises multiply.
Stem: erect, above ground, generally branched above, rosettes at tips, well above ground.
And that is just above ground.
Chop to about 5-10cm above ground.
Above ground, the city went into lockdown.
Above ground, the scene was tranquil.
Above ground pools?
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