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However, most work has focused on above-ground interactions, even though belowground herbivory may have greater impacts on individual plants than above-ground herbivory.
So far, most studies have primarily been based on above-ground interactions whereas interactions between below-ground herbivores and roots have received much less attention (van Dam 2009).
Consistently, working in Arabidopsis, Hermanns et al. [ 31] showed that HR is present in above ground incompatible host-pathogen interactions, but absent during the same host-pathogen interaction in the roots despite R gene transcription in both leaves and roots.
Above ground net primary production was significantly affected by water, nitrogen, and water by nitrogen interactions, and these effects depended on year (Table 1).
Above ground, the crises multiply.
Chop to about 5-10cm above ground.
Above ground, the city went into lockdown.
Above ground, the scene was tranquil.
The main attraction at Vimy, however, is not above ground.
Above ground pools?
But those would be above ground.
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