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Costs might be underestimated because of preventive effects of high education and income on costs in the study sample: Families participating in GINIplus and LISAplus have above average education levels and income compared with the German population in general [ 14].
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Furthermore it has to be noted that the study sample is not representative for German children (above average education level and income background, small regional coverage, above average level of MVPA).
The average education level has increased for both groups.10.10
The fact that families participating in the two birth cohorts show above-average education and income levels [ 34] may lead to an underestimation of actual costs, but should not influence cost differences substantially between the different groups of exposure to tobacco smoke.
The sample was of above-average education.
Moreover, even though participants in this study had above average levels of education, and had often sought information from outside sources, either to verify or to make sense of the discussion with their doctor, they were still reluctant to ask questions during their visits for fear of 'second guessing' or being perceived as difficult or contrary by their physicians.
It's been known for awhile that a typical player is male, 18 to 49, with above-average levels of income and education.
Adams et al. (2010) examined the use of CAM and CAM practitioners using participants in a cohort study and found that those using CAM practitioners tended to be younger, female, with higher education levels and above average incomes [ 17].
Many immigrants appear to have work experience before migration in jobs below (or above) their education level, which might generate a negative (or positive) effect on their average skill level.
And most American Muslims are comfortably middle class, with income and education levels above the national average.
Females in manufacturing tend to have higher education levels on average, with a lower share of females with a primary degree or lower in both years, and a higher share of females with a post-secondary degree and above.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com