Knowing more about spindles could also help researchers design drugs or behavioral techniques that deepen sleep, says Ellenbogen.
Nearly all governors depend for their action on centrifugal force and consist of a pair of masses rotating about a spindle driven by the prime mover and kept from flying outward by a controlling force, usually applied by springs.
Grinding-wheel cutters have a planetary motion, rotating rapidly about their own axes, which in turn slowly rotate with the boring head about the spindle axis; the hole diameter is controlled by adjusting the distance between the wheel axis and the spindle axis.
While much is known about muscle spindle structure, innervation and function, relatively few factors have been identified that regulate intrafusal fiber differentiation and spindle development.
Thus, a systematic representation of the vast existing knowledge about the spindle checkpoint and the role that phosphorylation plays in it would be a valuable tool for gaining further insights into the process.
Despite the large mass of quantitative data known about the spindle assembly checkpoint, we have seen that the models developed so far have had a limited impact because of the lack of specific experimental data.
However, for those where sister separation was observed in MII, the newly formed single chromatids oscillated about the spindle equator, presumably because they have only a single kinetochore that fails to establish simultaneous attachment to both spindle poles (Fig. 7E; supplementary material Movie 2).
In the Cadherin experiments, when talking about "fewer spindles", please be really clear about whether you mean a small fraction of the spindles that are seen, or a smaller total number of spindles.
The saw is a paper-thin disk of phosphor bronze, rotated on a horizontal spindle at about 4,000 revolutions per minute.
