Abnormal or insufficient fibrillin-1 in Marfan syndrome leads to aberrant activation of TGFβ, which in turn leads to upregulation of both canonical (Smad) and non-canonical (ERK) TGFβ-dependent signaling cascades.
Nephrin and podocin, also well characterized components of the slit diaphragm, were shown to bind to each other, and several studies suggested that abnormal or insufficient signaling via the nephrin-podocin complex is likely to result in the development of proteinuria [ 8, 27, 35].
Furthermore a developmental role of MEKs was shown: mek2 knockout mice are phenotypically normal, whereas mek1 knockout mice die at embryonic day (E) 10.5 due to abnormal development and insufficient vascularization of the placenta [ 27, 28].
Tumor tissue often exhibits insufficient or abnormal vasculature, leading to reduced delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tumor cells.
When the maxillary bone cannot develop normally in the transverse plane as a result of an anomalous function (tongue position, oral breathing), it enhances its development in the vertical plane, with a consequent backward and downward position of the mandible and insufficient and abnormal growth of the nasal septum, which is often deviated.
A recent study shows that late sporadic miscarriage is associated with abnormal trophoblast invasion and insufficient myometrial spiral artery transformation (Ball et al., 2006).
Other significant independent predictors of poisoning-related fatality include paraquat exposure, insufficient respiration, abnormal body temperature, age ≥ 61 years, and suicidal intent.
The BRAF mutations in these cases may result in weaker levels of B-Raf activity which is insufficient for abnormal proliferation [ 65, 66, 75, 77, 78].
The significant predictors for fatality included age over 61 years, insufficient respiration, shock status, abnormal heart rate, abnormal body temperature, suicidal intent and paraquat exposure.
However, the average is insufficient to diagnose abnormal latencies in time-sensitive applications.
