There are two frequent causes that are responsible for the development of abnormally positioned teeth: 1) An abnormal angle or direction of a mandibular canine tooth but still fitted in a normal position.
Clinically, strabismus can be divided into concomitant, in which the abnormal angle between the visual axes remains constant in all positions of gaze, and incomitant, in which the eye deviation varies with the direction of gaze.
Gonioscopy showed an abnormal angle over the inferior 90° but the remainder of the angle was normal.
The abnormal carpal angles seen in the patients with the displaced radial fracture may often be the result of the altered fracture biomechanics than an associated ligamentous injury.
Exclusion criteria were any abnormalities of pelvic geometry, femoral anteversion, abnormal Q angle, trochlear dysplasia, patella baja or alta, external tibial torsion, or hindfoot position as well as generalized laxity.
Hypercoagulopathy was suggested by an abnormally short R time in 16 patients (76%), an abnormal alpha angle in 17 cases (81%), a maximum amplitude >74 mm in nine cases (43%) and a high LY30 in one case.
The limited number of patients involved in the current study is related to highly careful preoperative selection, performing isolated reconstruction of MPFL only in cases without any predisposing factors such as abnormal Q angle, trochlear dysplasia, patella alta and malalignment of the lower extremity.
No statistically significant improvement was observed in sulcus angle (P = 0.07) or Caton index (P = 0.614), and no improvement was found in any of the 28 knees with abnormal sulcus angle.
Do you combine additional surgical procedures, such as a distal realignment and/or lateral retinacular release, when you find an abnormal Q angle (> 10°), or a great tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distance (> 20 mm), or a flattened trochlea?
