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We compared BMDM obtained from fresh and frozen BM cells and found that both are similarly able to trigger the expression of CD80 and CD86 in response to LPS or infection with the intracellular bacteria Legionella pneumophila.
Hence, this was in accordance with the DAMP model proposed by Seong and Matzinger since endogenous proteins and molecules released following tissue damage were able to trigger the expression of immune genes [39].
Antimorphic VP16-Fezf2, if activated, should be able to trigger the expression of Fezf2 direct target genes, even in the absence of protein synthesis.
This antioxidant vitamin also has anti-inflammatory effects, by inhibiting the transcriptional activity of NF- κB, a factor able to trigger the expression of proinflammatory genes [ 100].
Although IL-18, -23, and -27 are candidate cytokines able to trigger the expression of IFNγ [ 16- 19], we found no increase in their levels of mRNA expression in livers of IL-12 deficient mice.
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Within this framework, it is important to address the mechanisms by which cells are able to read a gradient of diffusing molecules (morphogens) to trigger the expression of genes that orchestrate spatial organization.
Heterologous expression in N. benthamiana showed that VvNPR1.1 and VvNPR1.2 were able to trigger the accumulation of acidic PR1 and PR2 in the absence of pathogen inoculation.
Depending on the biological context, they are able to trigger the induction of plant defence responses or symbiotic interactions.
Rif interacts with both mDia1 and mDia2 and is able to trigger the formation of both filopodia, and stress fibers.
PDT is able to trigger the main types of cell death, that is, apoptosis, autophagic cell death, and necrosis [ 26].
It was also shown that an increase in the cytosolic calcium concentration induced by A23187 and ionomycin was able to trigger the commitment to differentiation and increased expression of erythroid genes in murine erythroleukemia cells [ 30].
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