For instance, Sasaki and Hirose (1996) recognized that writing performance is dependent on the interplay of several factors such as L1 writing ability, L2 proficiency, L2 metaknowledge, and prior L2 writing experience/education.
The probability of solving an item depends only on the respondent's ability, or proficiency, and two item parameters characterizing the properties of the item (item difficulty and item discrimination).
Variations in student engagement and/or fatigue levels during low-stakes testing also interfere with student performance, which has a confounding effect on the estimation of student ability or proficiency (e.g. Boe, May and Boruch, 2002; Eklöf, 2007).
The Mexican Census allows us to study the earnings differential between those self-identified as Indigenous and those who are not and the Mexican Family Life Survey allows us to control for cognitive ability and proficiency in Spanish, but at the expense of smaller sample sizes.
Pedro II's natural ability and proficiency as a ruler encouraged greater deference as time passed.
Possessing a photographic memory, top athletic ability, and proficiency with most firearms, he has little difficulty distinguishing himself as a member of the NSS.
According to the TDF, "skills" refer to "an ability or proficiency acquired through practice".
However, the larger issue from our findings is not whether L2 listening is more a question of listening ability or language proficiency as Vandergrift (2006) proposes, but that language proficiency actually appears to determine listening ability.
The majority of the criteria in Table 1 do not entail any measure of L2 proficiency ability.
Second, the probabilities are treated as a function of an (unknown) parameter for the person's ability, skill, or proficiency measured by the items.
