Both the ergometer resistance and the exercise were empirically designed and previously tested in healthy controls by electromyography and 31P-MRS (not shown) to activate primarily the finger extensor musculature (although with some minor contributions of the abductor pollicis longus and the wrist extensor musculature), generate a low-intensity aerobic exercise and induce an energy steady state.
In a more detailed experiment, healthy volunteers' wrist extensor and flexor muscles were stimulated with 1-s-long, asymmetric, biphasic, 200 μs-wide FES at 20 Hz, producing 22 contractions separated by 17 22 s of rest (Blickenstorfer et al. 2009).
The training group performed high-intensity specific strength training locally for the neck and shoulder muscles with 4 different dumbbell exercises (A-D, Figure 2) and 1 exercise for the wrist extensor muscles (E, Figure 2).
This interpretation agrees with a previous report of palpable increases in wrist extensor muscle tone with wrist flexion in UEMSD patients [ 13].
The EMG peaks caused by stretch reflexes were seen for the wrist extensor muscles, and trapezius muscles, for a right-angled tool.
One very high quality study [ 39, 51] showed a positive trend between mouse time and risk for wrist extensor tendonitis, and another very high quality study [ 31, 32] showed an exposure-effect relationship for keying time.
Surface electrodes were used to record the electromyographic activity (EMG) of the wrist extensor and wrist flexor muscles through an electromyograph Mystro5Plus (Vickers Medical, Surrey; London), recording mainly from extensor carpi radialis for WE and from flexor carpi ulnaris for WF.
Most of the participants had no knowledge about kinesthetic illusion, but within a couple of trials (15-s vibration to the tendon of the wrist extensor muscle in each trial), all reported that they felt their hands flexing.
We performed three reconstructive procedures: joint coverage, wrist extensor reconstruction, and ligament reconstruction.
