One category includes countries where alcohol is not banned but data is absent, suggesting an ostrich-like response to a controversial behavior, or reflecting a weak research infrastructure and/or policy landscape.
The paucity of forums to interact and share knowledge, inaccessibility of existing global resources and information asymmetry, and the lack of systematic dissemination of research towards policy and practice all lead to a weak research ecosystem.
Trust without vetting is a very weak research design".
A good number have relatively weak research designs, short follow-up periods, and low or unreported retention rates.
These approaches are often categorized as mind-body approaches and/or manual therapies [83] and enjoy a growing popularity in the Western world [59] but frequently suffer from a lack of theory and methodologically weak research behind esoteric formulations and unfounded statements of benefits.
Taking all these factors into account, especially given funding constraints, the weak research culture, and difficulties finding collaborators, researchers from LAMICs often have little incentive to write academic papers.
To date, evidence about the effectiveness of loneliness interventions has been limited because intervention studies use weak research designs, do not use a valid indicator for measuring loneliness, focus only on short-term outcomes, or lack process indicators to gain better understanding about the achievement of the desired outcomes [ 26- 28].
The relatively weak research infrastructure in many African settings is a contributory problem, but, more importantly, cross-disciplinary work (between climatology and health in this instance) is not common in Africa and needs to be actively promoted.
Unfortunately, GlaxoSmithKlineBristol would face the same problems that the two companies face alone: Weak research pipelines are bringing few new drugs to these giants, and a rash of patent expirations is damaging both firms.
Heterogeneity of the samples, generally weak research designs, and the absence of control conditions in many recovered reports was a limitation in the existing research.
Most of these studies utilized weak research designs that evaluated programs solely on the basis of post-intervention measures.
