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Theories suggest that earlier smoking initiation during a vulnerable development period could have more severe health effects than later smoking initiation [ 2, 23].
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These OECD regulatory test protocols are stuck in the age of the light microscope, test a narrow and unrealistic portion of the dose response curve and relatively few end points, mostly fail to test toxicity during vulnerable development, and kill the animals being tested before most diseases develop (a human equivalent of ~ 60 years).
It is time to move the discussion on medical voluntourism from "selfie" ethics to protecting the vulnerable development of comprehensive health care.
The second problem is that, if exposures occur during a vulnerable period of development, like fetal development, the effects can be permanent — even if exposures cease".
For many it is likely that a combination of factors affect a baby at a vulnerable stage of development".
Rapid structural and functional changes occur during the fetal life making it a vulnerable period of development.
"Polar bear cubs can be much more susceptible to the effects of these kinds of environmental contaminants than adults because they are in a vulnerable phase of growth and development," she says.
Prenatal and early postnatal development is a vulnerable time of ontogeny, during which wiring of the CNS is fine-tuned and receptive to changes in environmental conditions.
The continuous experience of such unavoidable stressor may have behavioral (i.e., social withdraw, avoidance) as well as both emotional and cognitive (i.e., catastrophizing) consequences, representing a vulnerable state for the development of psychopathological symptoms and disease.
Epigenetics and critical windows research recognizes that in ovo or fetal development represent a vulnerable period in the life history of an animal, when the developing organism may be unable to actively mitigate environmental perturbations.
Yet the caste switch could occur only if the chemical was injected during a vulnerable period in the ants' development.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com