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The PV voltage is measured by a voltage sensor module.
This instrument is made up of Arduino UNO board, a voltage sensor (F031-06) and current sensor (INA169).
In addition, in Method I, a current sensor is used meanwhile a voltage sensor is used in Method II.
It does not have a voltage sensor and other important domains like the N-terminal tetramerization (T1) domain.
The proposed protection scheme can be implemented with practical hardware: a voltage sensor having a bandwidth of 8 kHz, 32 kHz sampler, and a 12 bit analog to digital converter.
In short, a voltage sensor may not be a localized region or the side chain of a particular amino acid of the GPCR molecule, rather the overall charge distribution of the protein may function as the voltage sensor.
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03255.004 The possibility of a voltage-sensor associated Q 10 increase was further ruled out when we tested additional Kv channels.
In the first gating model developed by Colombini and co-workers, the N-terminus is part of a voltage-sensor domain that slides in and out of the channel upon voltage gating.
β-Toxins induce a hyperpolarizing shift of the voltage-dependence of activation via a voltage-sensor trapping mechanism, whereby toxin-mediated interactions stabilize a persistently-activated conformation of the channel domain II voltage sensor [6,7].
While no structures of a voltage-sensor toxin bound to a channel have been solved, a structural homolog, psalmotoxin (PcTx1), was recently crystalized in complex with the extracellular domain of an acid sensing ion channel (ASIC).
This structure is composed of an anode voltage sensor, a delay MOS transistor, a MOS transistor allowing IGBT turn-off and a Zener diode.
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