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According to Cato, a virtuous action entails all the virtues; presumably he means, e.g., a just action is also moderate and courageous.
According to the virtue tradition, in order to perform a virtuous action, one must have the right dictates associated with the relevant virtue.
By contrast, the value of a virtuous action depends on the agent, who must act with knowledge and deliberately choose the action for itself; finally, the action must come from a fixed disposition of character.
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To avoid circularity, there must be a motive to virtuous action that does not itself refer to the moral goodness of the act (T 478).
But an appropriate action is not a morally perfect or virtuous action (katorthôma) unless it is done from understanding, the wise and stable condition possessed only by the fully virtuous person.
Still, as a constituent of happiness, virtuous action is grounded in the highest end for a human being.
Instead it is assumed that a more general conception of "virtuous action" is at play.
An additional contrast is that Confucians like Mencius see familial life as an important and intrinsic component of living well, whereas Aristotelians (arguably) see the family as, at best, a necessary means to supporting virtuous action.
If this is the correct way to view virtuous action, then an evaluation of Tesla's decision must take into account why the company chose Denholm to lead the board.
If eudaimonic happiness gained through virtuous action also promotes a positive CTRA profile, it could strengthen the case that evolution pushes humanity in an altruistic direction.
Virtuous action is therefore a matter of active internal self-determination, rather than determination from without.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com