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In Figure 1, one pinprick (blue dot) indicates the 10th year, two pinpricks in a vertical alignment indicate the 50th year, three pinpricks in a vertical alignment indicate the 100th year, and four pinpricks in a vertical alignment indicate the 1000th year.
The interface was held in a vertical alignment to better simulate the interaction between subballast and geocell in accordance with routine track practices.
We have found that contrary to what could be derived from a 2D conventional TEM analysis, the QDs do not follow a vertical alignment, but there is a deviation angle of 10° ± 1°.
Also, it should be highlighted that the APT data evidences that the QD in the second layer do not follow a vertical alignment with regard to the QD in the first layer.
In the outer level of the model, we optimize the horizontal alignment and in the inner level of the model a vertical alignment optimization problem considering earthwork allocation is solved for a fixed horizontal alignment.
It can be seen that after chemical etching in step 1 (Figure 1e), free-standing Si nanowire arrays in a wafer scale are produced on the substrate surface in a vertical alignment.
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In this paper we propose a model to calculate an optimal vertical alignment of an interchange with a given horizontal layout.
As the main features of the layer growth evolution, an increase in the population of finer CNTs and a shift from a random entanglement to a rough vertical alignment of nanotubes were noted with proceeding growth.
The result of our model gives an optimal horizontal alignment in the form of a linear-circular curve and an optimal vertical alignment in the form of a quadratic spline.
The nanorods show a good vertical alignment and similar length indicating high quality of H-TiO2 nanorod arrays.
The authors delivered charts, as an easy-to-use tool by designers, to estimate the available stopping sight distance on horizontal curves overlapped with a specific vertical alignment.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com