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p is a vector of decision parameters.
Assuming that 1) p is a vector of decision parameters.
where the integer k ≥ 2 is the number of objectives and x is a vector of decision variables in the set X. A key issue when incorporating the said utilities is that their values are in a different domain.
We should note the difference between the nanoparticles used in PTT and the "particle" used in PSO to denote a vector of decision variables x t).
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Decision are made using a policy X t π (S t ), that returns a vector of decisions x t, that are feasible in state S t.
If X represents a vector of determinants of the decision to migrate, the basic form of the binary probit function with Ž as the predictor variable can be expressed as: Ž = β 0 + β 1 X 1 + β 2 X 2 + … …. + β j X j (3).
And second, a probit model indicating that the individual meet the recommended level of participation (if Yp = 1) is estimated as: (2) where β2, a vector of variables affecting the decision to undertake a level of activity that is sufficient to meet the recommended level; e2, the error term.
In practice, the bivariate probit model with selectivity correction is estimated using first, a probit model of the probability that an individual participates in PA (Yp): (1) where β1, a vector of variables affecting the decision to participate in PA; e1, the error term.
Given a model of a nonlinear dynamic system and a set of experimental data, the parameter estimation problem consists of finding the vector of decision variables p unknown model parameters) that minimizes a cost function that measures the goodness of the fit of the model predictions with respect to the data, subject to a number of constraints.
Given a model of a nonlinear dynamic system and a set of experimental data, the parameter estimation problem consists of finding the optimal vector of decision variables p (unknown model parameters).
where j is the number of alternatives, xi is a vector of consumer (i.e. decision-maker) characteristics and i represents an individual consumer.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com