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A surrogate outcome will be reliable only if there is a validated causal connection between change in surrogate and change in the clinically important outcomes (like morbidity and mortality), and if the surrogate reflects most of the effects of treatment on a specific outcome.
Analysis of the literature, however, demonstrates that many of the non-obvious targets have biochemically or clinically validated connections with the expected bioactivities.
This network contains many validated connections for gene interactions in the Arabidopsis genome.
This is not a validated test for depression I've ever come across.
PfFPPS/GGPPS is a validated, high-priority antimalarial drug target.
CD47 is therefore a validated target for cancer therapies.
To get the ticket, shoppers have their receipts stamped by store clerks and receive a validated fare card.
Ciofani, M. et al. A validated regulatory network for Th17 cell specification.
Formal assessments of body composition were assessed by DEXA using a validated in-house protocol71.
Dietary intake was estimated with a validated, self-administered diet history questionnaire.
Diet was assessed in gestational week 11 14 and 36 37 using a validated 360-item Food Frequency Questionnaire.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com