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"It's a longstanding position that separate but equal was not a valid standard for education, whether it was by race or gender".
Even if we accept the premise of cure, we have not found a valid standard to make our ethical decisions.
In Brazil, about 42% of the urban workforce does not have a valid standard employment contract [ 15].
Thus, serum proteins are inappropriate markers of nutritional status during acute illness (Fuhrman et al, 2004), and are not a valid standard for comparison of the study's findings regarding SGA.
In addition, we report detailed information on treatment regimens and investigated the independent prognostic role of increased BMI also in the more homogenous patient group treated with gemcitabine-based first-line therapy – a valid standard treatment option, especially for elderly or frail patients [ 20].
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The index should be used as a valid standard-of-care health measure in counseling patients for HCT, in clinical trial design, and in adjusting outcome analyses.
Arguably not, if one considers the universal goniometer itself to be a valid criterion standard measure of arm elevation.
It has been argued that there is no scientific or normative rationale for using the cost-effectiveness of the current treatment standard as a valid measure of willingness-to-pay.
He is typically read as having advocated cultural relativism and historicism against the universalist pretensions of the Enlightenment manifested in aesthetics in the search for a universally valid "standard of taste"—and thus as having been a forerunner of Romanticism.
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations recently adopted a standardized form of the Penman Monteith equation (FAO56 PM) in an effort to provide a common, globally valid standard for estimating ET0, developing crop coefficients, and evaluation/calibration of other ET0 methods when Lysimeter measurements are unavailable (Allen et al. 1998).
The quality of included studies is assessed with the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 checklist, containing items such as a consecutive and all-inclusive patient selection process, blinding of index test and reference standard assessment, a valid reference standard, and complete verification of all included participants.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com