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Flew, in his last years, considered himself to be just such a persuaded sceptic, and hence accepted the term Deist as a valid descriptor for his religious standpoint.
Although the final products vary in specific details, they reflect an implicit consensus that a valid descriptor of organ dysfunction should meet certain criteria (Table 1).
These findings highlight that the RPt Pt can serve as a valid descriptor for compressive-strain effects and nicely bridges the atomic composition and the ORR activity of Pt-based catalysts.
It is thus tempting to examine whether the bulk average RPt Pt, which can be readily measured under operating conditions by XAS, can serve as a valid descriptor for compressive-strain effects.
The linear correlations established between the ORR activity and the bulk RPt Pt and between the bulk RPt Pt and the in situ atomic composition demonstrate that the bulk RPt Pt is a valid descriptor for compressive-strain effects and nicely bridges the atomic composition and the ORR activity of PtM NP catalysts.
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Neither has a valid activity descriptor that can be easily controlled and measured been identified.
These linear correlations together demonstrate that (i) the improved ORR activity of Pt x Co/C NPs over pure Pt NPs originates predominantly from the compressive strain and (ii) the RPt Pt is a valid strain descriptor that bridges the activity and atomic composition of Pt-based bimetallic NPs.
These two effects can be fully accounted for by the d-band theory developed by Nørskov et al., which demonstrates that the Pt surface d-band center (with some limitations) or the Pt O binding energy can serve as a valid activity descriptor for Pt-based catalysts with well-characterized surfaces.
However, the intrinsic correlation between the ORR activity of PtM NP catalysts and their residual M content has not been established so far, and neither has a valid structural descriptor been identified that bridges the activity and the residual M content to reveal the physical origin of the composition activity correlation.
Nevertheless, the linear correlation between the bulk RPt Pt and the ORR activity of Pt x Co/C NPs found in this work shows that the bulk RPt Pt is a valid strain descriptor as the alternative to the surface RPt Pt, which makes it possible to correlate the catalytic performance of PtM NP catalysts to a property that can be measured under ORR operating conditions.
Although the total dose-rate and areal dose-rate at a constant illumination area are equally valid descriptors for the TEM image resolution of specimens immersed in a gas environment, the latter has significant advantages.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com