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Local road unevenness is described by a deterministic function that represents the deviation of the travelled surface from a true planar surface.
The National Cooperative Highway Research Program defines "roughness" as "the deviations of a pavement surface from a true planar surface with characteristic dimensions that affect vehicle dynamics, ride quality, and dynamic pavement loads [21]." Factors contributing to roughness, in a general sense, include vertical alignment, cracks, joints, potholes, patches and other surface distresses.
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For the images that include temperature effects, the same measurement is too small by 0.025 nm or 10% of the interatomic distance Fig. 5 a The "true" planar strain, (epsilon _{text{p},{text{true}}}}), calculated from the average projected column positions of the model, for three different nanoparticle diameters.
The imaging technique provides true planar, two-dimensional, refractive measurements of flow structures.
d The true planar strain, (epsilon _{text{p},{text{true}}}}), i.e. the strain calculated directly from the projected positions of the model crystal.
A true superstar.
A true story.
A true New Yorker.
A true family.
Ah, a true liberal.
"A true hellhole".
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com