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Similarly, unlike Europe, China never sought to acquire overseas colonies but established a tribute system in east Asia.
When slavery did not pay off, Columbus turned to a tribute system, forcing every Taíno, 14 or older, to fill a hawk's bell with gold every three months.
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Along the way they became among the richest people on the planet, and the beneficiaries of what Dawisha called "a kleptocratic tribute system".
The partial collapse of the tribute system meant a loss of the emperor's virtue, a serious blow to dynastic rule in China.
The Qing officials themselves, however, deemed this as still keeping a faint silhouette of the tribute system.
The ancient East Asia had its own unique community—"tribute system", wherein China held a central position in a long period of time and no other central position appeared even though China lost its own, but there were definitely some other countries which intended to take over the central position.
The "tribute system" also suggests a class relationship, so that other countries outside of China still don't like to mention this relationship so far this can be naturally understood, but it also suggests that such a historical relationship is not totally positive in the eyes of the East Asian people.
The so-called "tribute system" is just an embodiment of this concept.
The East Asian scholars made many studies for the "tribute system", which, as an ideal type or theoretical pattern, was firstly put forward by the US scholar John King Fairbank.
China, as a precocious modern country, established many mechanisms under the centralized bureaucratic system to deal with the various conflicts against the surrounding political communities or countries, in a way to avoid violence; while the "tribute system" provided other major means apart from warfare for solving conflicts in a long period.
We will begin with a discussion of the historiographical debate concerning China's so-called "tribute system" and "Sinocentric world order". Inquiries will be made into ways in which China interacted with, and was viewed by, outside societies and civilizations.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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