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Open field activity was performed using a protocol consisting of 5-min adaptation and a trial duration of 15 min [32].
An intertrial interval of 10 min and a trial duration of 40 s allowed training of 15 bees in parallel.
Each rectangle contained 300 moving dots (each dot subtending 0.18°) and was presented for a trial duration of 2 sec (Stein's group have previously used stimulus intervals of 1.5 sec and 2.3 sec [ 9, 60]).
A standardized response mean (SRM) of 0.71 (95% CI of 0.44-0.98) has been calculated for conventional radiographic JSW in knee osteoarthritis trials using semi-flexed views with a trial duration of more than 2 years [ 42].
Visual stimuli were the same as in the TMS experiment, but stimulus presentation was divided into separate trials (8 cycles of apparent motion [160 frames], with the target displayed in cycles 3 6 [randomized], resulting in a trial duration of 2.13 s length).
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It is also important to note that the stepped wedge design is likely to lead to a longer trial duration than a traditional parallel design, particularly where effectiveness is measured immediately after implementation.
The duration between the offset of the target and the onset of the next trial is varied systematically, approximating an exponential distribution ranging with a mean trial duration of 5000 ms. The response collection window closes 1700 ms after the onset of the target and flankers as used in our original study [37].
Consequently, further investigations involving suitable conditions for clinical plaque control in a larger number of subjects and for a longer trial duration are required to confirm the safe and effective aPDT procedure compared with conventional treatments.
However, the stepped wedge design requires a longer trial duration than parallel designs and also presents a number of challenges, including both practical and statistical complexity.
However, in Study 1, we used a fixed trial duration, thus we could not disambiguate between an effect of anticipation time from an effect of reaction time.
There are some limitations regarding the stepped weighed design, such as a greater complexity in the implementation of the intervention, in some case a longer trial duration.
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