If buzzards in both of these plots fall under high eagle owl influence, this could help to explain why there is only a slight difference in buzzard density development between center and south and would promote the explanation of a top-down effect of eagle owls on buzzard density.
Psychologists have found that wearing a sad or happy face can have a top-down effect on how a person feels: Smile and you may feel fleetingly happier.
The lack of a top-down effect on eye movements despite large comprehension differences was termed the "Tyranny of Film".
Lahnakoski et al. (2014) found that giving viewers an explicit task to take a certain perspective (interior decorator or detective) can have a top-down effect on eye movements.
Furthermore, the lexical status of the speech stimulus interacts with acoustic factors exerting a top-down effect on the novelty value of the auditory object that affects, in turn, its degree of accessibility to the cognitive component.
We examined stimuli varying in their emotional content and authenticity for their bottom-up effects on behavior and brain activation and assessed whether expectation (by cueing specific stimuli as either authentic or play-acted) had a top-down effect on emotion recognition and BOLD response.
For example, top down effects on posterior visual word processing areas may be coming from ventral rather than dorsal inferior frontal regions (Woodhead et al. (2013)) and the "necessity" of this activation for reading could be tested by future TMS studies.
In other words, it's not clear that phoneme restoration is a top-down effect.
These results demonstrate that specific higher-order areas exert a causal top-down effect on low-frequency oscillations in the auditory cortex that is stronger for intelligible speech as compared to unintelligible speech.
In addition "top down" effects of grazing have been examined using an HPLC-based technique.
As another example of the potential consequences of the abundance of P. chinensis, the reduction of hypogaeic ants, the specialist predators on small arthropods, can be predicted to lead to a reduction of the top-down effects on the control of the small arthropods populations.
