Minimizing the strain and interface energy yields a two step transformation from B2 to the R-phase and finally to B19′.
Under tensile loading, small cross-sectional nanowire shows a single step phase transformation, i.e. B2 → BCT via twinning along {100} plane, whereas nanowires with larger cross-sectional area show a two step phase transformation, i.e. B2 → R phase → BCT along with intermediate hardening.
The alumina extracting process involves two steps: transformation from mullite and corundum to an intermediate product aluminasilicate, Na8Al6Si6O24(OH)2(H2O)2, and then from the aluminasilicate to calcium sodium hydrate silicate (NaCaHSiO4).
The H-F transform is a two step process, beginning with a data transformation that noise-normalizes the counts.
Raw microarray signal data were normalized in R (www.r-project.org), using a four step approach [28]: (1) natural log-transformation, (2) quantile normalization of all scans, (3) correcting the sample spot signal for the corresponding reference spot signal and (4) averaging data from replicate probe spots.
Sugimoto et al. suggested that EBV mediated transformation is a two step process where, after prolonged passage, the cells may become aneuploid, accumulate p53 mutations, down regulate the p16/retinoblastoma protein pathway and become tumorigenic upon subcutaneous inoculation into nude mice [ 7].
A volume of 100 μl from transformation reactions was taken and a four step 10-fold serial dilution was made.
In this study we chose to perform a two step antibiotic selection in order to take full advantage of all the clones generated in each transformation.
The proposed single level controller is designed using a nonlinear co-ordinate transformation which leads to a simple three step navigation design procedure.
A typical image compression scheme incorporates three fundamentals steps: transformation, quantization, and entropy coding.
The normalization consists of the following three steps: first, data transformation (set measurements less than 300.0 to 300.0); second, per chip (normalize each chip to the 50th percentile of the measurements taken from that chip); and third, per gene (normalize each gene to the median of the measurements for that gene).
