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Some were more serious than the bogus-jobs case, notably two involving a system of kickbacks on public contracts from the town hall for which many former colleagues were convicted.
Dozens of politicians and executives have been caught up in the scandal, including Marcelo Odebrecht, a former head of South America's largest construction firm, who this month was jailed for 19 years for bribery and money-laundering in relation to a system of kickbacks that his company allegedly paid to senior Petrobras executives.
America's highest communications authority has voted to reduce the exorbitant costs of prison phone calls, currently set under a commissions-based contract model with private communications companies that some prisoner advocate groups have long compared to a system of "kickbacks".
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Mr. Bourgi said that the amounts added up to $20 million and that a system of political kickbacks from Africa had gone back through other presidents of France to Charles de Gaulle.
The doctors were then encouraged to bill Medicare and private insurers for the use of the excess drug, creating a system of "liquid kickbacks" according to one lawyer on the case.
What is more, the current building splurge so enriches many thousands of communist officials, from a system of institutionalised kickbacks, that there are concerns about the ability of the central government to force the changes through.
But he has also refused even to testify in an investigation focusing on allegations of a vast system of kickbacks used to raise funds for his party.
In 2007, the Open Society Justice Initiative released a report detailing an extensive system of kickbacks among the court's Cambodian judges, many of whom are believed to have bought their jobs.
Le Canard Enchainéreported yesterday that an investigating magistrate had been given a 434-page report linking Mr Schuller's activities to a wider system of kickbacks on public contracts in the Paris area operated by Mr Chirac's party while he was Mayor of Paris, from 1977 to 1995.
The two men, who founded and controlled the now-defunct production company Livent, and brought shows like "Ragtime" and a revival of "Showboat" to Broadway, were convicted in 2009 of defrauding investors of about 500 million Canadian dollars through a complex system of kickbacks and by routinely altering the company's financial statements.
The news comes at a delicate moment for the Workers Partyy Silva helped found and for his hand-chosen successor, President Dilma Rousseff, who is facing political and economic turbulence over what prosecutors have labeled the biggest corruption scheme yet uncovered in Brazil, a sprawling system of kickbacks at state-run oil company Petrobras.
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