However, this is no more convincing than the more parsimonious suggestion that all the hominiforms known to display these features (Morotopithecus, hylobatids, Oreopithecus, Pieralopithecus, Pongo, Gorilla, Pan, Australopithecus, and Homo) share them because they emerged in a common hominiform ancestor and are preserved as a synapomorphic character set of the group.
The absence of hemocyanin may be a synapomorphic character and an indication for a close relationship of these taxa, which agrees with some character-based phylogenetic studies [ 52, 53] (see below).
A. iphidamon and A. dizinensis have been placed in different groups according to wing pattern characters [ 49], but they share a synapomorphic character in their genitalia: the shape of the labides is short, pointed and "dagger-like" (Coutsis, pers. comm).. Molecular results also clearly show that they are closely related.
The fact that G-binding site variants appears to correlate with sequence-based phylogeny suggests that the intron structure character represents a synapomorphic character that further supports a complex origin of the Physarum genus.
Interestingly, only S. clymene and S. longirostris are known to exhibit aerial spinning behavior and Perrin [ 102] has suggested this may represent a synapomorphic character.
However, Kalligramma is well established by the single synapomorphic character of a distal complex CuA bifurcation in the parsimony analysis (Additional file 1: Figures S1, Figure 2).
The systematic position of the new species, Vitimopsyche pristina sp. nov., also is confirmed by the one synapomorphic character of the hind wing Sc vein of medium length that is present slightly proximal to the MA vein bifurcation (Character 23:1).
In the phylogenetic analysis, the monophyly of the Kalligrammatidae is firmly recovered, which shares the synapomorphic characters of a complex MA bifurcation and a broad triangular forewing and hind wing.
The subfamily Oregrammatinae includes three highly homogenous genera: Oregramma[ 20], Abrigramma gen. nov., and Ithigramma gen. nov., that share the three synapomorphic characters of a distally constricted costal region, a sinuate MP close to the wing base and a medially broadened Cu region.
