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Changes in HRV suggest a strong vagal influence in non-REM and a sympathetic influence in REM sleep.
This technique has emerged as a very promising treatment with dramatic effects on refractory hypertension but also in other conditions in which a sympathetic influence is present.
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Nitric oxide (NO) is thought to have an effect on cardiac vagal tone and sympathetic influence; on the other side, angiotensin II is a known inhibitor of cardiac vagal activity.
Hypothalamic neurons are sensitive to changes in physiological and emotional homeostasis and they might activate meningeal nociceptors by altering the balance between parasympathetic and sympathetic influence in the meninges.
Therefore, PM exposure could reduce HRV directly by reducing parasympathetic regulation and indirectly by exaggerating the sympathetic influence.
However, opposite effects of denervation upon the sympathetic influence on blood vessels occurred in hypertensive and hypertensive-diabetic rats.
Blocking both sympathetic and parasympathetic limbs also increased the RR interval, suggesting that the baseline heart rate is chiefly under sympathetic influence.
Low frequency power (LF) of HRV is related to the sympathetic influence within the cardiac sympatho-vagal balance [ 30] although some controversy exists on this point [ 33, 34].
Decreases in HRV concomitant with increased HR can be interpreted as greater sympathetic influence compared with parasympathetic (vagal) input (Rowan et al. 2007).
The time-domain measures rMSSD and pNN50 are thought to reflect parasympathetic influences, whereas SDNN may also have sympathetic influence (Dekker et al. 2000; Hayano et al. 1991; Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology 1996).
As the low frequency oscillations of blood pressure correspond to the influence of the sympathetic fibers acting on the cardiovascular system [ 36- 38], this reduced sympathetic influence on blood vessels could explain, at least in part, the non-significant slightly lower blood pressure and its variability observed in the diabetic-SHR.
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