Sentence examples for a surface field from inspiring English sources
SPR is a surface field by the charge density oscillation in a metallic surface, where the free electrons of a conductor are responded by oscillating in resonance with the external electromagnetic wave [40].
It is important to note that the improvement in efficiency (2.47%) for Si solar cell by using graphene as a surface field layer is larger than or similar to the efficiency improvement (2.38%) obtained by using the n+ doping (thickness ≈ 2 × 1020 cm-3 and 0.07 μm) on the front surface [20].
Consequently, the large improvement in JSC and small increase in VOC indicate that graphene behaves like an n+ layer which intrudes a surface field at the interface to enhance the collection of light-generated carriers thereby improving the efficiency of the p-n Si solar cell.
It is thought to have a surface field of approximately 300 million gauss (30 kT ., §8 Since then magnetic fields have been discovered in well over 100 white dwarfs, ranging from to 109 gauss (0.2 T to 100 kT).
The sTMS device employs cylindrical neodymium magnets that are diametrically magnetized, with a surface field of 6,430 Gauss (0.64 T).
The magnetic field was generated by a 2.5 cm × 2.5 cm × 1 cm NdFeB permanent magnet with a surface field of 0.4 T, which measured 0.3 T at a distance of 0.5 cm.
Their magnetization is consistent with a weak surface field of a few hundred to a few thousand nano-Teslas (Collinson 1997; Rochette et al. 2001).
This can be avoided by introducing a back surface field, an additional energy barrier for preventing the electron back flow.
The insertion of optimized Window and a back surface field (BSF) layers on an InxGa1-xN p-n basic single junction (BSJ) solar cell is the chief reason behind the reduction of front and back recombination.
The tradeoff existing between band gap and minority carrier properties, and the possibility of creating a back surface field (BSF) structure based on an order disorder GaInP heterostructure makes the study of the ordering appealing for solar cell applications.
Adding a back surface field to the structure will lead to a higher Voc and lower Woc.
