The substrate sheet resistance effect in a large area dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) device is still the main factor responsible for low energy conversion efficiencies.
In comparison with the PEN/ITO substrate (sheet resistance R sheet = 13.3 ± 1.3 Ω sq−1), the graphene-MoO3/PEN substrate showed a higher sheet resistance of 552.0 ± 24.2 Ω sq−1, which could reduce the charge collection efficiency of the device, leading to a high series resistance, low shunt resistance, and low the fill factor (FF).
The new factory will manufacture much larger glass substrate sheets with an initial capacity of 24,000 per month.
Large glass or plastic substrate sheets are placed on a long, wide platform.
Mn3O4 nanoparticles with an average diameter of 20 nm are uniformly adhered to a substrate of graphene sheets.
The devices were fabricated on pre-patterned ITO glass substrates (sheet resistance 15 Ω □−1), cleaned beforehand using ultra sonication in acetone and methanol for 10 min, followed by oxygen plasma (15 SCCM, 5 min, 100 W; Emitect K1050X).
Commercial polycarbonate (PC) was used as a substrate and two iron sheets were used as leader masks.
Because β-sheet structures are primarily formed through main-chain hydrogen bonds [4], [6], the induction of β-strand formation in a substrate through the β-sheet edge in the apical domain of GroEL may normally function to prevent non-specific side-chain contacts and thus non-specific aggregation, but in certain cases promote β aggregation as reported previously [47], [48].
A recent structural study of E. coli GlpG that belongs to the rhomboid family of I-CLiPs revealed that the P1 P4 region of a substrate forms a β-sheet with the GlpG loop 3 located near the active site (Zoll et al., 2014).
To supply strong electric field, a polyamide stand was used to hold a substrate holder made of aluminum sheet as positive (anode) and aluminum mesh as negative (cathode) electrodes, respectively, inside the bell jar of the vacuum coating system.
Although the loop 3 of GlpG and the MRE β-loop of RseP differ in that the former is located near the periplasmic surface of the membrane and forms a parallel β-sheet with a substrate whereas the latter is located near the cytoplasmic surface and forms a anti-parallel β-sheet, they might have a similar role in stabilising an extended substrate structure and promoting its cleavage.
