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Two of the 90 villages required a substitution: one for security reasons and one due to difficult roads and geography despite several attempts to access the village.. Population estimates were obtained from 2009 national census data [ 25].
We also detected a substitution one amino acid N-terminal of the minimal optimal Nef246 254RL9 epitope in progressor r96113 (Fig. 5).
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In the former, a substitution on one side of the helix (e.g. G → C), which would disrupt base pairing, can be compensated by changing the nucleotide at the opposite side (i.e. C → G).
According to reports at the time, Handel's Messiah was replaced by an unidentified piece by Mozart, a welcome substitution, one assumes, irrespective of how fond one is of Handel's Messiah.
Because all nonwords had at least one word neighbor (as defined by Coltheart et al.'s, 1977 metric of a single substitution), one possibility is that the congruency effects in Experiments 2 and 3 and the size effect in Experiment 1 were due to participants making assessments of size based on a word neighbor.
Functional epistasis is here used as a common term for describing situations where the phenotypic effect of a genetic substitution (on one or multiple loci) depends on the genetic background, i.e. on the state of other loci in the genotype [ 18].
Eight mutations were nonsense, caused by a single base substitution; one was an intronic base substitution causing aberrant splicing, one caused aberrant splicing in the alternatively spliced region, located in exon 9 of the APC gene [ 21], while the remaining eight were either insertions or deletions causing a frameshift and the introduction of a premature stop codon.
Notably, all miR-513aL/c copies have a single-base substitution (one of two sites) from their original sequence in gibbons and great apes, while the human miR-513c owns both substitutions.
On the other hand, a substitution of one drug for another will probably bring about relatively small short-run deviations, as it seems hard to see which of the above-mentioned reasons would contribute substantially in this case, except possibly learning effects due to initial dosing difficulties.
In contrast, the recurrent regulatory mutation we have identified at the stickleback EDA locus is a T → G transversion substitution, one of the least common types of changes seen in large scale studies of spontaneous germ-line mutations in humans (Kong et al., 2012; Genome of the Netherlands Consortium, 2014) as well as in flies, worms, and yeast (Lynch, 2010).
A substitution in one protein may lead to change in selection pressure on an adjacent site in the interacting partner, such that either both sites change, or neither do.
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