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Reciprocal transplant experiments and other common gardens assessed at a single point in time (synchronic studies) substitute space for time when used as climate change experiments and do not directly assess the capacity for and maximum rate of rapid local adaptation to contemporary climate change (Box 1).
Some of these people are restive and see Facebook as a substitute public space for speech and dissent that their own authoritarian regimes don't provide.
By choosing populations distributed along an agricultural gradient, it is possible to substitute space for time with populations far from agriculture representing more ancestral populations (i.e. with respect to pesticide use) and populations closer to agriculture representing derived populations (Cothran et al. 2013).
Reducing source data uncertainties requires careful methods to substitute space for time.
L. 115 91, § 1601(b)(1)(D), substituted "space rapid capabilities" for "operationally responsive space".
L. 115 91, § 1601(b)(1)(F), substituted "Space Rapid Capabilities" for "Operationally Responsive Space".
L. 115 91, § 1601(b)(1)(E), substituted "space rapid capabilities" for "operationally responsive space" in introductory provisions and pars.
Most of the examples we found required substituting space for time and thus constituted weaker inferences.
Substituting space for time likely provides more robust predictions for phenotypic plasticity; plasticity that is induced by spatial climate variation is also likely to be induced by climate variation through time.
Preliminary results elucidate that the refrigeration cycle can be a promising substitute for space heating and hot water when compared to the heat pump systems.
With the outstanding performance potential and excellent modulation capacity, the Two-Stage Air Source Heat Pump (TSAHP) may become a substitute for fossil fuels for space heating in cold climates.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com