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However, because our study was nested within a substantive study of older women's health and sample size was constrained by the demands of that main study we only had sufficient power to detected differences of 10 – 12.5%.
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The aim of this study was to pilot the methods proposed to conduct a substantive study to evaluate the effectiveness of a self-managed loaded exercise programme versus usual physiotherapy treatment for rotator cuff tendinopathy.
At the annual Marlboro Music Festival in Vermont, run by the esteemed pianists Richard Goode and Mitsuko Uchida, veteran and emerging artists collaborate on substantive study and performances of the chamber music repertory.
The application of the models to a substantive case study involving occupational health data, specifically medical tests for employees, demonstrated the complementarity of the analyses.
In some cases this will be the first phase of the substantive study and data from the pilot phase may contribute to the final analysis; this can be referred to as an internal pilot.
A substantive strength of the study is that outcomes for both patients and oncology health professionals are being assessed.
In our study, a substantive number of children had a severe respiratory illnesses requiring hospitalization that seem to have been precipitated by rhinovirus infections.
We have reported a theme as being a major theme within the studies if it was: a) a titled theme within the study findings b) was reported as being represented throughout the data or c) formed a substantive part of those studies that used abstract or metaphoric themes or of those that were not organised thematically.
Commentary and empirical studies appearing in peer-reviewed medical journals are included, as are scientific studies containing a substantive discussion of ethical issues or equity concerns related to preterm birth or stillbirth.
Modelling studies have estimated a substantive impact of HIV and AIDS in reducing population-level fertility, around 0.4% for each percentage increase in HIV prevalence (Lewis et al., 2004; Terceira et al., 2003, Zaba & Gregson, 1998).
A literature review examining CBT for anxiety and depressive disorders in children and adolescents 8 found that 9 of 12 substantive studies reviewed had between 15 30 recruits in each arm.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com