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The resulting interdependence also carried a substantive cost in terms of shared vulnerabilities and increased exposure to systemic risks.
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But until we join the rest of the industrialized world, where health care is publicly financed and a public good, we are unlikely to see the substantive cost controls that misdirected schemes like "pay for performance" supposedly address.
So those were the options as of last week: A massive policy giveaway that won Obama some centrist credibility at immense substantive cost, or else let the economy get killed.
Instead, Obama has reestablished credibility on the deficit at zero substantive cost.
It is also reasonable to assume that this would lead to substantive cost savings to the institution in the medium-term, in terms of financial costs no longer incurred.
Advocates of extensive tax expenditure reduction argue — correctly — that all deficit reduction choices involve substantive costs and are politically difficult.
Given the high international prevalence of obesity and the substantive costs of management of the associated co-morbidities, the need to develop pharmacological strategies to reduce appetite and support weight-control regimes has never been greater.
We have ways that we can cut our own operations cost and pass a substantive amount of that on to our customers.
This paper examines both the potential of and barriers to grid-scale energy storage playing a substantive role in transitioning to an efficient, reliable and cost-effective power system with a high penetration of renewable energy sources.
NSCL/P patients are subjected to long-term medical costs and mental disability, thereby causing a substantive burden to their families and the society [ 2].
A case study from Flores, Indonesia provides evidence of a substantive, quantified economic benefit of watershed service based on a fixed-effects regression model of water collection costs.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com