Size exclusion chromatography afforded a facile approach to quantify the mass of the unattached polymer, and provide a substantial refinement to estimates of chain graft density beyond traditionally-used approaches, such as thermogravimetry.
In particular, among imaging modalities, whole-body computed tomography (CT) represents a substantial refinement in the diagnostic work-up of multitrauma patients [ 6].
Mapping of ESTs to an existing genome sequence by spliced alignment has allowed substantial refinement of gene models in a number of eukaryotic organisms (e.g. [ 17, 18]).
The negotiations commonly involved an iterative sequence of discussion and deal changes, frequently involving substantial refinement of the nature of the potential deal as discussions within the acquiring firm proceeded.
Substantial refinement of the item set was required to establish a consistent model, and a second sample (n = 883) was surveyed to replicate the model.
A significant refinement of the javelin was the Roman pilum.
It was deduced that the observed increase in conductivity was caused by a substantial morphology refinement and increased degree of cocontinuity after copolymer addition leading to the formation of double percolated networks in the blends.
However, the current consensus (e.g. Fortnow 2009) is that these approaches are still in need of substantial refinement or that genuinely new methods will be required in order to yield the desired separations.
Because the diagnosis of concussions has undergone substantial refinement since the 1960s and 1970s, when many of the survey respondents had played, a modern description of symptoms -- such as nausea or seeing stars following a strong blow to the head, not simply being knocked unconscious -- was provided.
The substantial grain refinement of aluminum matrix as well as significant size reduction of B4C particles was observed in the weld nugget.
