α-SMA positive cells were significantly increased following chronic CCl4-administration; however, concomitant treatment with Marimastat significantly decreased this number indicating decreased activation of a subset of activated HSCs (Figure 5A,B).
Although the cytoplasm is the known cellular compartment of activity for the mTOR/S6K/S6 pathway, a subset of activated signaling proteins are also known to translocate into the nucleus.
The nonintegrin laminin binding protein (p67 LBP) is expressed on a subset of activated human T lymphocytes and, together with the integrin very late activation antigen-6, mediates avid cellular adherence to laminin.
Haynes, BF, Hemler, ME, Mann, DL, Eisenbarth, GS, Shelhamer, J, Mostowski, HS, Thomas, CA, Strominger, JL, and Fauci, AS. "Characterization of a monoclonal antibody (4F2) that binds to human monocytes and to a subset of activated lymphocytes". Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md .: 1950) 126, no. 4 (April 1981): 1409-1414.
Only a subset of activated CD4 CD45RO T cells express CCR5, while the preponderance of CD4 T-lymphocytes, independent of CD45 isoform, express CXCR4 coreceptors [27], [28].
Although the primary function attributed to NK cells is direct killing of tumourogenic and virally-infected cells, a subset of activated NK cells can also secrete large amounts of IFN-γ, a Th1 promoting cytokine with anti-viral properties.
At a B-SIFT score cutoff of 0.5, we observe a 9% sensitivity towards identifying activating mutations but a 99% specificity, suggesting that we are able to identify only a subset of activating mutations but the majority of mutations are correctly classified as non-activating.
Here we present a modified version of SIFT called Bi-directional SIFT (B-SIFT) which is able to identify both deleterious and a subset of activating mutations given a protein sequence and a query mutation within that sequence.
There are many possible ways in which a mutant phenotype may be considered activating, but based on these results on diverse mutagenesis data we feel confident that B-SIFT is able to identify at least a subset of activating mutations that would not otherwise be identified by SIFT.
However, we note that L ee et al. (2009 b) put forward a proposition that a subset of activating mutations may have positive scores, i.e., that they are germline beneficial, and they provide structural evidence for predictions that such a criterion produces.
While best characterized for its ability to degrade extracellular matrix factors including laminin, fibronectin and heat denatured collagen [6], [7], in addition to myelin proteins [1], KLK6 has also been recently demonstrated to activate a subset of protease activated receptors (PAR) [8], [9], [10], [11].
