An expansion of a conifer forest from ~ 15.8 to ~ 15.6 Ma is probably connected to the Appalachian uplift, and a subsequent spreading of Cupressaceae between ~ 15.0 and ~ 14.8 Ma probably reflects a period of enhanced inundation of coastal lowlands.
Cell death after traumatic cartilage impact occurs in two phases: an immediate phase due to cell necrosis, followed by a subsequent spreading of cell death mediated by apoptotic mechanisms beyond the initial area to the surrounding unimpacted regions [ 12, 26- 29], leading to expansion of the original lesion [ 9].
However, injections of as little as 50 CFUs into the yolk resulted in the rapid replication of Cronobacter inside the yolk sac of approximately two log units within 24 hpi and a subsequent spreading into the larval blood stream between 24 and 48 hpi.
Several mathematical models have been developed to describe the likelihood of development of heritable resistance, e.g. a mutation, and its subsequent spread in a population; see e.g. Abel zur Wiesch et al. (2011), Day and Bonduriansky (2011).
A combined strategy of local release of transgenic hosts combined with, for instance, the pesticide treatment of adjacent demes would help the establishment of infection in the focal deme, creating a base for subsequent spread through the remainder of the population.
The cited experimental data as well as reported evidence from the field (24 ) show that an introduction and subsequent spread of HPAIV (H5N1) in duck flocks is likely clinically silent.
Analysis of habitat-specific virus diversity and ancestral state reconstruction demonstrated an origin of CAVV in a pristine rainforest with subsequent spread into agriculture and human settlements [ 7].
Thus, harbors and marinas play crucial roles in the introduction of marine species, including the initial inoculation of a species from another area and the subsequent spread at a local level (also called pre-border and post-border processes; Forrest et al. 2009).
The years just before World War II were marked by a tripling of the military budget, the establishment (1934) and subsequent spread of a paramilitary youth movement with fascist overtones, and a growing alliance with Japan.
