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However, despite the importance of including covariates, a model that includes a covariate that is an aggregate of a person-level characteristic rather than a study characteristic may also produce biased results.
However, its use is limited because it cannot be used directly in clinical practice and, furthermore, possible opposing effects of a study characteristic on sensitivity or specificity may be masked by using dOR.
Finally, we included all study characteristics in a multivariate model.
This information may be incorporated in a table showing study characteristics or may be shown in a forest plot.
Furthermore, they demonstrated that combining a statistical method with 'weak' extraction rules can identify a variety of study characteristics.
If many studies are available, a more complex multivariate model can be built in which a number of study characteristics are entered as possible co-variates.
To improve data quality, a second reviewer abstracted study characteristics for a random 10% of the studies.
Details of each programme were to be presented in a table of study characteristics.
A summary of study characteristics can be found in Table 1 (sorted by model type).
To identify other factors of potential importance for the observed statin effect, we investigated the association between a range of study characteristics and the outcome of individual studies.
Table presents a summary of study characteristics.
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