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This region possesses a strong temperature gradient, and thus it is a reservoir of potential energy that can be readily tapped and converted into the kinetic energy associated with extratropical cyclones.
Cold air sitting above Canada and the midwestern states met warm moist air pushing up from the Gulf of Mexico and dry air moving in from Mexico and the southwestern United States to create a strong temperature gradient that increased the wind velocity in the jet stream.
A strong temperature gradient evolves in the thermal barrier coating.
During laser cladding a strong temperature gradient exists just below the coating substrate interface that promotes the formation of a Greninger Troiano orientation relationship between martensitic plates and the original austenitic grain inside the heat affected zone: {1 1 1}γ ≈ 1° to {1 1 0}α and ⟨¯12¯1⟩γ ≈ 2° to ⟨1¯10⟩α.
Surface layers (epilimnion) and deep layers (hypolimnion) separated by a strong temperature gradient (thermocline) differ very much with respect to temperature, light, food availability and predation risk.
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It is shown that the usual assumption of symmetric species and temperature fields inside spherical catalyst particles holds for particles away from the tube wall, but particles placed in the strong temperature gradient near the tube wall show significant deviations.
Third, the strong temperature gradient in the Y direction explains why the length of the ZnO nanorods was insensitive to the laser-irradiation time.
All of the nanorods were about 1.0 1.5 μm in length, independent of the laser-irradiation time, which confirmed the strong temperature gradient in the Y direction.
Strong temperature gradients could be measured inside A. digitata fruits during heating.
The strong temperature gradients produced by the tightly focused femtosecond laser pulses generate acceleration of the molten liquid at the melt/air interface.
The idea behind using IL additives in this system is that the convective flow of the IL component species can facilitate the displacement of the EL ions useful for anodization, and avoid formation of strong temperature gradients between the anode and the beaker walls, which are in direct contact with the refrigerating bath.
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