In the 16th century it could be worn partly open, requiring a stomacher or placard underneath.
Corsets that were laced up the front were often covered by a decorated panel known as a stomacher that concealed the laces.
At the end of the 15th century, men's jackets often had a V-opening allowing for a decorative front-piece, or stomacher, and women's gowns were laced over an open bodice that was also filled in with a stomacher, which could be embroidered, jewelled, or decorated with bows.
The mixtures were then homogenized in a stomacher for 1 min.
Three mL of sodium chloride 0.9% were added, followed by 4 min of mechanical homogenization with a Stomacher 80 Biomaster (Seward, Worthing, UK).
The samples of clam meat were aseptically taken and homogenized with 225 mL of sterile 0.2% peptone water using a stomacher for 2 minutes.
Portions of 25 g of each sample were transferred under sterile conditions to stomacher bags and mixed with 225 ml sterile 2% (w/v) citrate sodium solution in a stomacher (Seaward Medical, London SE1 1PP, UK) for 5 min.
Radishes (approximately 10 g) were first subjected to the removal of the soil adhering to the surface as described by Brandl et al. [34] and then homogenised in Ringer's solution by a stomacher (BagMixer® 400, Interscience, Saint Nom, France) at the maximum speed for 2 min.
Organs were placed in sterile distilled water and homogenized using a Stomacher 80 Biomaster (Seward, London UK).
Samples of 20 g were added to 100 ml saline solution in a sterile stomacher bag and pummelled in a stomacher for 3 min. Serial dilutions (1∶10 in saline) were prepared for plate counting.
Each organ was weighed and then sterile saline added (5 ml for spleen and lungs and 10 ml for liver) prior to homogenization using a Stomacher 80 micro Biomaster (Seward, Bohemia, NY).
