Cisplatin is usually more active than docetaxel, with a steeper concentration-inhibition curve (figure 1).
The viral ATPase (terminase) interacts with the portal vertex to form a powerful molecular motor that translocates DNA to the procapsid interior against a steep concentration gradient.
Such a steep concentration gradient gives rise to a stress, called Korteweg stress, which acts as a stabilizing factor at the miscible diffusive interface of the two fluids.
For the case of excessive NH3 flow, the top layer in high N concentration on the surface easily forms a steep concentration gradient between surface and sub-surface layers where the N atoms will diffuse to.
At the level of the astrocyte endings, glutamate uptake is accomplished by Na+-dependent transporters [13][14], which move glutamate into astrocytes against a steep concentration gradient by coupling glutamate translocation to the transmembrane Na+, K+ gradients.
Thus the acquisition of Pi occurs against a steep concentration gradient [ 8].
An influx of extracellular calcium ions across a damaged permeability barrier and down a steep concentration gradient may convert potentially reversible injury into irreversible injury.
As a function of their size, all drugs suffer from a steep concentration gradient which decreases with increasing distance from the surrounding blood vessels [ 10].As a logical result clinical application of nanoparticles should be considered impossible.
Plants acquire P in the form of phosphate anions, mostly H2PO4 -, from the soil solution, and uptake occurs against a steep concentration gradient (three orders of magnitude or greater) across the plasmamembrane [ 34, 48].
This results in a steep concentration gradient and constant leakage of Ca2+ ions from the ER into the cytoplasm, which is counteracted by ER Ca2+ uptake driven by SERCA (sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase) pumps on the ER membrane.
The necessity to decrease cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations to submicromolar levels by exporting the cation into extracellular spaces or intracellular compartments that do not generate ATP, such as the endoplasmic reticulum or vacuole, creates a steep concentration gradient that allows for the controlled and gated generation of rapid Ca2+ transients in response to extracellular stimuli.
