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All measurements were carried out twice by the same operator with the mandibular models placed in a standardized position.
A standardized position of the lamb's heads was maintained by the correct head orientation in accordance with the 3D intersecting planes of the red beam.
Subjects were seated in a standardized position on a fixed, height-adjustable stool, with a rigid square block stabilizing the torso in a neutral spine posture, and the extremities placed to prevent them from aiding during trials (Fig. 2a).
Data were recorded while the upper extremity was kept in a standardized position (patient seated with the shoulder adducted and neutrally rotated, elbow flexed at 90°, forearm and wrist in neutral position); values were compared to those in the opposite hand.
Second, while the assistant held the limb, the investigator would stand three feet from the joint in question at a standardized position (depending on the joint and motion being measured) and make a visual estimation of the joint angle based on each measurers' estimation of the underlying bone axis of each long bone (as demonstrated in Fig. 3).
On day 15, the nestlings were weighed (accuracy 0.1 g), their tarsus length measured (accuracy 0.01 mm) and a digital photograph of the breast in a standardized position was taken with a graph paper as a reference.
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However, to the authors' knowledge a standardized positioning method to obtain a lateral view of the equine stifle is not described in the literature.
Intervention: The women sat in a standardized sitting position and radiographs were taken in a lateral position with fluoroscopic control for alignment.
During experiments and data collection, plants were referred to only by their number or position (e.g., n1 population 2 upper left, where upper left was defined from a standardized observer position).
Cup position could be set within a synthetic pelvis to a series of known orientations to a standardized pelvic position and measured with both EBRA and 3D-CT.
But for us, it was difficult to find a standardized film position that would allow an observable evaluation and so the decision was made to exclude this position.
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