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There was also a control condition, in which a standard tone (990.7 Hz) and a deviant tone (1111.0 Hz) were presented.
Usually, a standard tone is described as "clearer," and an overblown flute sound is slightly more "airy" than the original tone.
In woodwind instruments such as a flute, producing a higher-pitched tone than a standard tone by increasing the blowing pressure is called overblowing, and this allows several distinct fingerings for the same notes.
The rats were played a standard tone used in behavioral conditioning (2900 Hz) for 1 sec upon an active lever press, followed by a 7-sec time-out period, during which lever pressing was counted but produced no programmed consequence.
Each rat was placed individually in the operant conditioning chamber (30×22×24 cm; Med Associates, St . Albans VT) equipped with two retractable levers (45 mm wide ×2 mm thick, protruding 20 mm from the wall) below cue lights on a side wall (Fig. 1B) and a standard tone generator (2900 Hz, Sonalert, Med Associates).
Consistent with the adaptation hypothesis, EEG measurements employing small deviances around a standard tone demonstrate that the smaller the frequency separation between the standard and the deviant, the more the amplitude to the deviants is attenuated (May et al., 1999).
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In one protocol (with-reference), a repeated 1-kHz standard tone was presented repeatedly across trials.
In each oddball stimulus, one tone was presented as the rare (deviant) tone, while the other was presented as the frequent (standard) tone (A to B ratio of 90:10 or 10 90, Figure 1A).
The standard tone had a frequency of 1000 Hz and an intensity of 60 dB SPL (reference level 20 μPa).
The standard tone is a repetitive ring.
You will construct a standard Dual Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF) generator like those used on any tonch-tone or cell phone.
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