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Cost of equity is not a standard proxy for information asymmetry as it could be impacted by many other factors.
Thus, as maximum head width is often considered a standard proxy for body size (Hölldobler and Wilson 1990), we used only this morphological variable for subsequent analyses.
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The proxy advisors discussed how they address the standard proxy advisor conflicts of interest through disclosure and ethical walls.
Despite our growing knowledge of the way that cancer develops in human cells, mutations can't be studied effectively in a petri dish, and, since the late nineteen-eighties, genetically modified mice have served as the standard proxy.
This is 1.5% per year less than what you could have earned by buying and holding the stock market itself, but it was produced with 48% less volatility (the academics' standard proxy for risk).
The above analysis notwithstanding, researchers need to be aware of the fact that literature regarding certain cancers may be limited to low ranking journals according to standard proxy measures.
Body-mass index (BMI) has become the standard proxy for obesity in social science research.
A common feature in most of the obesity research in social sciences is that, despite its shortcomings, body-mass index (BMI, calculated as weight in kilos divided by height in meters squared, kg/m) has become the standard proxy for body fat and is the most widely used indicator for obesity, where obesity is defined as BMI ≥ 30 [ 1, 2].
The three proxies above which are also standard proxies for information asymmetry based on previous studies are considered sufficient to conclude on our research hypotheses.4.4
As these variables are the standard proxies examined in the majority of the hedging literature, we do not further discuss them.
Measures of length are standard proxies of body size in snakes but do not adequately reflect the magnitude of body size differences between the smallest and largest speckled rattlesnakes.
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