We believe that in case of no further specified pain after implantation of the LCS prosthesis, radiolucencies, which do not imply implant loosening, should still be suspected as the possible cause of pain.
Further research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of carefully specified pain management protocols, including pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic therapies, for the control of chronic pain in this population.
Surgery, for example, found a 22percentt gain in range of motion for arthroscopic procedures and did not specify pain reduction.
The 8-item Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale, modified to specify pain rather than arthritis, demonstrated good psychometric characteristics (Cronbach alpha =.89, minimal floor and ceiling effects, and validity) in this sample.
25 29 Two studies measured pain intensity on several occasions (at rest, during walking, and during sports), 20 29 whereas the other studies did not specify pain intensity.
In the present study, low back pain is defined as 'non-specific low back pain', i.e. low back pain without a specified physical cause, such as nerve root compression (the radicular syndrome), trauma, infection or the presence of a tumour.
Among the Taino people of Hispaniola, Columbus decreed a system of tribute, requiring each adult to submit a specified quantity of gold, on pain of death.
Chronic pain was defined as repeated utilization for the same pain-related diagnosis or procedure, or a repeated pain medication prescription fill, occurring within a specified time period.
The first model specified that pain catastrophizing leads to increased pain via poor sleep.
This association was significant for all types of chest pain but strongest for patients reporting specified chest pain.
