Of course, Macleod could then take the Cocking and Kennett route and still regard those voluntary actions which are not morally justified as creating reasons of some kind, or he could deny that morally impermissible choices, such as, perhaps, becoming friends with a Nazi, create any sort of reasons whatsoever.
He wanted to avoid explaining the difference between obligation and coercion in the way a natural law theorist might (by saying that an obligation is a special sort of reason).
They accounted for a law as a certain sort of reason.
And we agree that for a dictate to be authoritative is for it to constitute a certain sort of reason, let us say a protected one.
In his view, to make a normative statement such as 'you must stop at a red light' is to say that you have a certain sort of reason for action.
Yet it was a cold sort of reason and justice.
A sort of cool, bland reason oozed from him, and until the last two weeks a certain political expediency seemed beyond him.
He's had emergency cranial surgery, albeit for a very Keith sort of reason: he fell out of a tree in Fiji.
It is the kind according to which the wrongdoer who freely does wrong deserves to be blamed just because she has done wrong, and not for any other reason (such as a utilitarian or contractualist sort of reason) (Pereboom, 2001, and Fischer, et. al., 2007).
When focusing on the affective nature of suffering, happiness, and compassion in Horkheimer's view, one might get the sense that he is relying on a sort of emotivism that shuns reason.
