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The first one is related to the crack closure effect near the surface, it would imply a smaller effective ΔK close to the surface, and therefore a slower crack growth rate.
The flexspline has fewer teeth and consequently a smaller effective diameter than the circular spline.
This leads to a smaller effective system, which is treated using the common forward iteration scheme.
This leads to decrease of pore size and to a smaller effective diffusivity for chloride (Guneyisi et al. 2005; Hossain 2003).
Some recent dosimetric studies state that CBCT scans produce a smaller effective dose to patients if compared to multislice CT scans[26, 27].
The fact that resonator A has a smaller linewidth and a slightly higher eigenfrequency than resonator B indicates a smaller effective coupling capacitance [35].
This technique has the potential of a smaller effective patient dose, which has been reported to be 1 3 mSv in adults [12] and 0.2 0.7 mSv in newborns and infants [11].
The GO/V doped NaNbO3(100) heterostructure is a direct band gap semiconductor with a smaller effective mass compared with the pure NaNbO3, which shows that the heterostructure has a higher charge carrier mobility.
The impact of shaft-bearing stiffness and damping ratio is also explored with results revealing that a greater shaft-bearing stiffness is beneficial in obtaining a more stable motion in OLOA direction, and a larger damping ratio results in a smaller effective friction force.
It is suggested that an increased level of turbulence at the gas liquid interface caused by carbon particles accounts for a smaller effective boundary layer thickness and an enhancement of mass transfer in the flat gas liquid surface stirred tank reactor.
In general, "global" solutions to many adaptive challenges at once can evolve at a smaller effective population size than "local" solutions that must evolve separately to each adaptive challenge.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com