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However, they are rarely known exactly and a small estimation error may lead to unfavorable CP estimates.
Then, new estimate is formed as a weighted average of the neighboring estimates, where the weights are optimized to yield a small estimation error covariance.
On the other hand, arithmetic means had only a small estimation bias for most textures when compared with the mean-like "shift" parameter of the α-stable distributions.
Essentially, a small NN distance is more likely to result in a small estimation error, yet outliers exist; thus, we analyze these failure cases in this section.
Finally, x N and y N in Equation (15) have been replaced by their average over a small estimation window, (10 to 50 samples).
There was, however, a small estimation bias (+3 years for younger validators).
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The estimator (5) is biased but exhibits a smaller estimation variance than an unbiased one [9].
It can be seen that the EKF achieves a smaller estimation errors and gives a better CFR estimation.
In addition, we should note that there are no evident differences for different leaking rates of the leaky-integrated nonlinear activation unit in terms of the estimation error values of the HF spectral envelope, and α = 1 provides a smaller estimation error than other α values, according to the evaluation results in the two-stage grid search process.
With Method 2 where HR ¯ t ≃ HR ¯ a t, L W A u and L W A a gave very similar values, whereas HP gave a smaller estimation of HR ¯ t than L W A u.
Because each average SPE of the default-calculated daily semivariograms was close to 0, and each default-calculated daily semivariogram produced a smaller estimation error, we recommend using the default-calculated semivariogram, even though the RMSS from the default-calculated semivariogram was not fully satisfactory.
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